The End

Having heard back from the medical schools I applied to, I shall now concentrate my efforts on studying for my A-levels. I shall hopefully be studying medicine at St. George's University of London from next year. Thanks to everyone for following and I hope you enjoyed my blog!

Polio Vaccine checks

The Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has recommended that all children travelling abroad from Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan be required to show evidence of being vaccinated against polio, as polio remains an endemic in these three countries. 99.9% of polio had been eradicated globally yet the target of full global eradication of polio by the end of the year shall clearly not be achieved. There are calls for more parents to demand that their children be vaccinated against polio, a viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord, as it shall pressurize governments in these countries to offer it more. However, suggestions of not allowing children from these countries to travel abroad without proof of vaccination have been frowned upon in some corners, since although all 50 states in the USA offer the vaccine, there are some possible exemptions to being vaccinated - with an opt out scheme for religious and philosophical reasons - yet there are no restrictions on their travel. The injectable vaccine itself is thought to be very safe, as it only uses the inactive form of the virus. However, there have been cases, albeit extremely rare cases, of vaccine derived polio virus from the live oral polio vaccine, with 34 cases reported this year.Polio is extremely unpleasant and leads to paralysis, breathing problems and even death

Painkillers may cause suffering

The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence has issued new guidelines on headaches caused by medication overuse, which is thought to be a big problem in the United Kingdom. Although proper research papers on this topic are scarce, a German study  (Katsarava, Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2009, 9: 115-119)  reports that up to 4% of the population could be affected by medication overuse. The NICE guidelines suggest 1 in 50. It is unclear why exactly medication overuse causes headaches but it is thought to have something to do with an imbalance in the body's pain control system.

The treatment for medication overuse pain is similar to the "cold turkey" method, whereby a patient who might be following a strict, long term painkiller course is forced to abruptly halt this for up to a month.

Stem Cells as a Cure for Deafness

A study published in the journal Nature today suggests that Stem Cell therapy could be used to improve hearing. The study was conducted on Gerbils, due to their similar hearing range, and after 10 weeks the group of 18 had regained on average 46% of their hearing, with a control group of 8 Gerbils not regaining any hearing without the therapy. The therapy involved administering a drug to the Gerbils which caused deafness by damaging the auditory nerves. Using human embryonic stem cells, they injected about 50,000 early stage auditory neurones into the cochlea. Although not resulting in an overall cure for deafness, the Gerbils went from not being able to hear busy traffic to being able to hear conversations - suggesting that it could result in a return to normality if tried on Humans. However, the ultimate aim would be to use these neurones, adding sensory hairs, alongside a cochlear implant. Although Human trials are still several years away, this breakthrough is encouraging news for the 10 million deaf people in the United Kingdom, 15% of whom could be cured by this exact procedure should it work in humans.

Hay Fever Vaccine

Research conducted by Imperial College London and King's College London has suggested that a new Hay Fever vaccine could be developed as a cure for the sufferers. This is great news for those who do suffer from Hay Fever, the number of them exceeding 10 million in England alone, with the current vaccine only benefiting about 1,000 people. The main treatment is in the form of drugs including antihistamines and steroids, with injections of pollen under the skin being reserved for the serious cases due to the expensive nature of the treatment. The research team endeavoured to use shallowed injections in an area of the skin which is densely packed with white blood cells, allowing them to use a dose which is 1/2000th of the current injection. In the test group of 30 patients, it was suggested that the allergic reaction to grass pollen decreased because of the vaccine. A clinical trial with 90 patients is now commencing in order to find if the vaccine can combat symptoms other than grass allergy including sneezing. The relatively small dosage and the fact that fewer injections need to be administered per patient makes this method of treatment a lot more cost effective than previous attempts, and with Allergy UK describing this breakthrough as very encouraging, there is a strong possibility that within the next few years suffering from hay fever will be a thing of the past.

Use found for "junk" DNA

Researchers have gained an understanding into the purpose of the long stretches of DNA, previously dismissed as "junk." Our understanding was that genes were the only important parts of the DNA molecule despite them only accounting for 2% of DNA. A new use has been discovered for another 80%. Within these regions, more than 10,000 new genes which code for how we control the genes that we know code for proteins and are thought to be Regulatory elements. One of the researchers, Professor Mike Snyder said "Much of the difference between people is due to the differences in the efficiency of these regulatory elements. There are more variants, we think, in the regulatory elements than in the genes themselves." The regulatory elements are thought to turn genes on or off and their discovery will provide an entirely new avenue for scientists to explore when seeking treatments for known conditions including Heart Disease and Diabetes. This is because genes are unable to function without regulatory elements, with malfunctioning of genes occurring when regulation fails, resulting in diseases including cancer and atherosclerosis. For now, 9% of DNA was found to be involved in the coding for regulatory switches although the true figure is thought to be closer to 20%.

Frozen IVF Embryos Debate

New research suggests that women who have had IVF embryos which have previously been frozen tend to have healthier babies who suffer fewer complications and less bleeding than women who have had fresh embryos implanted. Normally, women undergo a series of hormone injections to stimulate their ovaries to start releasing eggs, which are then extracted, fertilised and implanted. In any cycle, embryos which are not used will be frozen for use at a later date. These have been presented in a review of several studies covering more than 37,000 pregnancies with either fresh of frozen IVF embryos.
However, on the other hand, data from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority shows that as of 2010, the success rate for frozen embryos was 23% compared to 33% for freshly implanted embryos.
It is unknown why such results are produced and they have been described as "counter-intuitive" by the lead researcher Dr. Abha Maheshwari. There are several theories which include one that states that the previously frozen embryos are given after the women's ovaries had settled down from the hormone treatment used to stimulate the ovaries so the hormone levels in the womb had returned to a more normal level and the embryos had been implanted into a more natural environment. Another idea is that only the high quality embryos are able to survive the whole process of being frozen although, with new developed methods, the survival rate tends to be more than 90%. The findings, although not acknowledged as experimentally sound by everyone, raise the question whether it would be wise to freeze all embryos before implanting them, a practice which is currently adopted in Japan. Their reviews say that previously frozen IVF embryos had 50% less of a chance of being born too small and 16% less risk of being preterm compared to fresh embryo babies The findings suggest that it would be safer for both the mother - suffering less bleeding - and the baby who would be less likely to have any complications. Although a long way off being confirmed and facing a lot of opposition, a debate in the near future once more experiments have been conducted is likely and there remains a possibility that the system currently run in IVF treatment might change in light of these findings.